Term	Explanation
Ableism, Disableism	Ableism refers to judging people based on their abilities. Disableism is the discrimination against people seen as impaired.
Mini-Me-Effect, Similarity-Attraction Effect	People are attracted to others who are similar to them in appearance and personality traits. We tend to like people who are like us in many ways.
(Fundamental) Attribution Error	We often think a person’s behaviour is because of their personality, even though it may be due to the situation they are in.
Authority Bias	We tend to believe and follow the opinions of authority figures, even though their opinions may not be correct.
Confirmation Bias	We tend to look for information that supports our existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.
Blind Spot Bias	We often think we are unbiased and unaffected by biases, even though we are influenced by them just like everyone else.
Code-Switching	Changing behaviour depending on the situation or who we are interacting with.
Cross-Race Effect	People may have difficulty recognising and distinguishing faces of individuals from a different ethnic group than their own. This is linked to a tendency to more easily identify/recognise faces of people belonging to one’s own racial group.
Distance Bias	We tend to place more importance on things that are closer to us in space or time.
Fading-Affect Bias	Negative memories tend to fade faster than positive memories, which can sometimes lead to biased behaviour.
Framing Effect	Different ways of presenting information can influence how people respond, even if the content is the same.
Gender Bias	Biased perceptions and stereotypes based on gender can lead to unfair treatment or misinterpretation of situations.
Illusory Correlation	Stereotypes often lead to attributing certain characteristics to certain groups, even if they are not accurate or supported by evidence.
Judicial Bias	Biases that can affect judges’ decision-making, including cognitive biases and external influences.
AI Bias	Biases that can occur in artificial intelligence systems due to skewed or incorrect data, leading to unequal treatment or discrimination.
Contact Effect	More contact with different people can help reduce prejudice and hostility between groups.
Naïve Realism (Direct Realism)	Believing that our own perception of reality is objective and unbiased, and assuming others should reach the same conclusions if they have the same information.
Negativity Bias	Negative experiences or thoughts have a stronger impact on us than neutral or positive ones.
Primacy Effect	The first information we receive often has a strong influence on our judgments and memories.
Racial Bias	Stereotypes and biases based on race can influence judgment and behaviour, even if they are unconscious.
Social Desirability	People may give answers they think others want to hear, instead of expressing their true beliefs, to avoid social disapproval.
Status Quo Bias	A tendency to prefer the current situation over making changes, especially when there are limited alternatives and knowledge about them.
Stereotypes	Generalised beliefs about certain groups of people based on their gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background, or education.

1. Definitions

2. Origin of biases

1. Systems of thinking

2. Experiences

Take home points

3. Manifestation of biases

4. Biases in the context of domestic violence and their consequences

5. Anti-biases strategies

1. Counterstereotype imaging = thinking away stereotypes:

2. Individuation = focusing on the uniqueness of each person:

3. Contact theory = positive contact helps reduce stereotypes:

4. Perspective taking = putting yourself in the other person’s shoes:

6. Five steps to counter personal biases

1. Accept that you have biases:

2. Identify situations where mistakes can happen:

3. Analyse how you see things:

4. Understand where biases come from:

5. Reduce biases and be aware of them:

Sources